Running shoes are designed to provide a stable, cushioned platform for the foot and ankle. They may be made of leather or synthetic materials, such as polyurethane (PU) foam. PU is a soft material that provides cushioning and shock absorption. It has been shown in laboratory studies that runners wearing PU-based footwear have lower impact forces on their feet than those who wear hard-soled shoes.
Shoes designed for running are typically constructed with an upper made from PU foam, which provides support and protection for the foot. The midsole is usually made of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), a soft, flexible material that absorbs shocks and reduces joint stress. A rubber outsole is often added to protect against abrasion.
Athletic shoes can be divided into two categories: stability shoes and motion control shoes. Stability shoes prevent injuries associated with the overuse of muscles and tendons. Motion control shoes reduce excessive pronation and supination. Pronation refers to rolling inward of the foot when it strikes the ground, while supination refers to an outward movement of the foot upon impact. These motions cause repetitive strain injury.
Athletic shoes come in different widths. Wider shoes allow for more space at the forefoot. This extra space allows for greater flexibility and less pressure on the metatarsal heads. Narrow widths are also available, offering a more compact forefoot area.
Trail shoes are designed for off-road activities, such as hiking, trail running, and mountain biking. Trail shoes are generally lighter and have a narrower profile than athletic shoes. Their soles are thinner and stiffer, so they do not slip as easily on wet surfaces. Trail shoes are often made of leather or canvas uppers. Some feature breathable mesh linings.
"Sneaker" is the common name for a running shoe worn while walking or jogging. Sneakers are available in many styles, including low-tops, high-tops, cross trainers, tennis shoes, and basketball shoes. They might feature canvas, mesh, suede, or leather uppers.
Your choice of footwear should depend on your type of activity. Using these shoes is not without risk. The wrong type of shoe can contribute to injuries such as plantar fasciitis, tendinitis, shin splints, stress fractures, iliotibial band syndrome, knee pain, hip pain, and ankle sprains.