Spinal meningitis, also known as meningococcal meningitis, is a serious inflammatory condition that predominantly affects the membranes (meninges) and fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord. It is primarily caused by viral or bacterial infections, although fungal infections, certain medications, and diseases can also cause meningitis.
Bacterial meningitis is particularly severe and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. It is typically spread from person to person through respiratory or throat secretions, such as during close contact or kissing. The major bacteria causing meningitis include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Prominent regions with frequent meningitis outbreaks include the meningitis belt in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Viral meningitis, on the other hand, is often less severe and may resolve without specific treatment. It is commonly caused by enteroviruses, but herpes viruses and the mumps virus can also lead to viral meningitis.
Patients with both bacterial and viral meningitis experience symptoms such as high fever, severe and persistent headaches, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. Infants might show signs of irritability, high-pitched crying, poor feeding, and lethargy. It’s imperative to seek medical attention immediately if any of these symptoms are observed, as early interventions can markedly improve the outcome.
Meningitis diagnosis involves a physical examination to check for signs of infection around the head, ears, throat, and skin along the spine. Further confirmation is done through blood tests, imaging studies, and a lumbar puncture (spinal tap).
If bacterial meningitis is confirmed or strongly suspected, treatment with intravenous antibiotics is initiated immediately, usually with two or more antibiotics until the exact cause is known. Adjunct treatments, such as corticosteroids, may be used to alleviate inflammation.
Viral meningitis generally resolves with rest, plenty of fluids, and over-the-counter pain medications to help soothe fever and body aches. Hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases or if the patient is under two years old, over 65, or has a weakened immune system.
Beyond treating the infection, measures to prevent meningitis are crucial. They involve practicing good hygiene, such as not sharing eating utensils or toothbrushes, washing hands frequently, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow. Vaccination against meningococcal meningitis, as well as illnesses caused by pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria, plays a vital role in preventing meningitis.
In summary, spinal meningitis is a formidable health issue with potential severe consequences. Early recognition of symptoms, rapid medical intervention, and preventative measures are key in managing this condition.