Thrombocytopenia means diminished blood platelet production. Platelets are cells in the blood that help control bleeding, repair damaged tissue, and prevent clots. There is no single cause of this condition, but it often occurs after chemotherapy treatments or exposure to toxins. Other causes may include autoimmune disorders, bone marrow diseases, infections including HIV, certain medicines, and certain genetic conditions.

Symptoms depend on the severity of the condition and can range from mild to severe. General symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and dizziness as there is less blood in the body. Bleeding from a cut or injury may be difficult to stop, and excessive bleeding may occur during surgery. The risk of blood clots is also elevated. Left untreated, these clots can cause a heart attack or stroke. Severe menstrual periods with heavy bleeding can occur, especially in the first few days or after taking hormonal contraceptives, like birth control pills.

In addition to the physical manifestations of the condition, there may also be psychological symptoms. These may include anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and depression. There may also be emotional symptoms, like feeling upset or angry. Most people will feel better when their platelet count returns to the normal range.

A blood test can often be done to determine if there are low platelet levels. A blood test may be conducted to check for deficiencies in blood clotting factors, like Factor VIII and IX. Sometimes, a blood sample is taken to look at the platelet levels. This can be done through a simple blood draw or by taking a blood sample through a needle in the skin.

Decreased platelet production may be due to chemotherapy or viral infections. However, since this condition also results in other circumstances, it is important to be tested for these as well. Surgery, pregnancy, cancer treatments, and certain prescription medicines can result in low platelet levels. Increased breakdown of platelets can also occur due to aging or genetic problems.

Treatment generally aims to re-establish the blood platelet count and correct the deficiencies, if present. Full blood or platelet transfusion can help to treat this condition. Corticosteroids may also be given to reduce inflammation in the body, control symptoms resulting from the condition, and increase the life span of platelets. A doctor may prescribe medications to help prevent blood clots. Diet adjustments, such as sticking to certain foods that help the body produce more blood, may also be required.