Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It affects the digestive tract by causing inflammation, ulcers, or open sores. These sores make it hard to go to the bathroom, leading to bloody diarrhea and often abdominal pain. The symptoms of UC can vary greatly from person to person. In addition, the severity of symptoms can change over time.

The signs and symptoms of UC can range from mild to severe. Diarrhea can occur due to the inflammation and sores in the colon; this can be bloody at times. Abdominal pain can occur with the sores, which may resemble a stomachache. Urination, constipation, weight loss and bruising are other symptoms. Anemia and fatigue are also possible. UC can cause damage to the lower part of the large intestine called the rectosigmoid colon and the small intestine called the ileum.

The complications of UC include abscesses, inflammation of the liver, high blood pressure and vitamin or mineral deficiencies. The most serious complication is a ruptured rectosigmoid colon, where the entire colon becomes full of blood and pus. This can cause severe hemorrhage. Severe dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities and shock may occur in the immediate aftermath of this complication.

The cause of UC is unknown. Some believe that it may be caused by an allergy to certain foods. Other people believe it is due to a genetic predisposition and a faulty immune system that causes the disease. The disease is believed to spread from the large intestine to other places in the body. This process is known as "metastatic dissemination."

The diagnosis of UC is done through a colonoscopy. The doctor may also order other tests to determine the severity of the condition, including blood and stool tests. There are many treatments for UC. These include dietary changes, medications and surgery. Diet changes may involve cutting out high-fat foods and drinking at least six to eight glasses of water every day. Dietary changes may also include consuming many types of fiber, such as fruits and vegetables.

Surgery may help with severe cases of UC when there is bleeding in the rectum and can also create a permanent opening in the colon to help heal and regulate bowel movements. If necessary, medications to control symptoms may be used. Two types of medication are used in treating UC: aminosalicylates and biologic agents. Aminosalicylates are medications that reduce inflammation and may help ease symptoms of UC. Biologic agents are medications that target the immune system and block cytokines and interleukins, which are proteins that can cause inflammation. These medications may be used as monotherapy or in combination with aminosalicylates. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms and keep the disease from worsening.