Macular degeneration, commonly referred to as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is an eye disease that results in the progressive deterioration of the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision.

There are two types of AMD, wet and dry. Wet AMD, also known as neovascular AMD, occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina and leak fluids, causing damage to the surrounding cells. This type of AMD accounts for approximately 10% of all cases but is responsible for most cases of severe vision loss associated with the disease.

Wet AMD usually develops in individuals who have pre-existing dry AMD, a condition that causes the deposition of waste materials known as drusen in the macula. These deposits can weaken the blood vessels feeding the area, leading to the formation of new blood vessels that mimic the role of the damaged ones.

The abnormal blood vessels in wet AMD can also cause a rapid increase in pressure within the eye, leading to further vision loss. This is often accompanied by a distortion of straight lines and difficulty in recognising faces, which can make everyday tasks, such as driving or reading, very challenging.

While the exact cause of wet AMD is unclear, several factors can increase an individual's risk of developing the disease. These include age, genetics, smoking, obesity and UV exposure.

Although there is no known cure for wet AMD, a range of treatments are available to help slow down the progression of the disease and preserve vision. These include anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) medications and photodynamic therapy.

Anti-VEGF drugs work by targeting the proteins responsible for the growth of the abnormal vessels, reducing their leakage and preventing further damage. This treatment is usually administered through regular injections into the eye, and multiple sessions may be required over a period of time.

Photodynamic therapy involves using a light-sensitive drug to destroy the new blood vessels. A specialised laser is then used to activate the drug, causing a chemical reaction that ultimately destroys the cells responsible for causing the disease.

Wet AMD can have a significant impact on quality of life, but early detection and prompt treatment can significantly improve the chances of maintaining good vision. Regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist or optometrist are essential for the early detection of AMD, and individuals should speak to their doctor about potential risk factors and preventative measures.