Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, especially among the elderly. It is an inflammation of the airspaces in the lungs, which may include filling them with fluid or pus. It is caused by a variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The most common cause of pneumonia is a bacterial infection.

The symptoms of pneumonia can vary from mild to severe. Common symptoms include coughing up sputum, which is the material brought up from the lungs, fever, chills, chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and a feeling of tiredness. Elderly people with pneumonia may also experience confusion, decreased appetite, and altered mental status.

Depending on the cause, pneumonia can be diagnosed with a physical exam, chest X-ray, and laboratory tests. Treatment will vary depending on the severity and type of pneumonia, but may include antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antiviral medications for viral pneumonia, or antifungal medications for fungal pneumonia. In addition, supportive care may be necessary, such as oxygen therapy or supplemental fluids.

People at risk of developing pneumonia include the elderly, people who smoke, those with a weakened immune system, the very young, and those with existing medical conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and diabetes. Vaccines are available to prevent certain types of pneumonia. Additionally, practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with people who have the illness can help reduce the risk of getting pneumonia.

Pneumonia, while serious, is treatable if caught in time. It is important to recognize the symptoms and seek medical care if they occur. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the overall outlook for a full recovery.