Tongue cancer is a type of oral cancer that originates in the cells of the tongue. Though uncommon, tongue cancer is still a serious and potentially life-threatening form of cancer. Treatments depend on the type and stage of tongue cancer, but they may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Tongue cancer often begins in the flat, thin surface of the tongue called the “tongue mucosa.” This can lead to changes in the surface of the tongue, such as lumps or ulcers, that cause pain or bleeding. The underlying cause of tongue cancer is usually thought to be exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and using chew tobacco. Exposure to the HPV virus is also thought to be a risk factor for tongue cancer.

To diagnose tongue cancer, doctors usually start with a physical exam to check for signs on the tongue and in the neck area. Imaging tests such as a CT scan or MRI may be ordered to check for any growths in the mouth. If cancer is suspected, a biopsy of the area can be done.

Treatment for tongue cancer typically includes surgery to remove the affected area, as well as any nearby lymph nodes. This may be followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Depending on the stage of the cancer, one or both forms of treatment may be used.

As with most types of cancer, early detection and treatment are key to a successful outcome. Signs and symptoms of tongue cancer may include lumps or sores on the tongue, difficulty with talking, eating, or swallowing, and a sore throat or hoarseness. If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, it’s important to talk to your doctor.

Tongue cancer is relatively rare, but still a serious form of cancer. Treatment is typically effective if caught early, so it’s important to be aware of the signs and risks of tongue cancer and to seek treatment as soon as possible.